Aaron,
Welcome to the forums!
ATP does not have numbers on what percentage of graduates get hired as they really have no way of tracking people once they have left the nest. I can tell you though that in today’s hiring environment, just about anybody with a good record and 1,500 flight hours is getting hired by the airlines.
Yes, ATP can produce a competent pilot in nine months of training and the rest of the two years flight instructing. They have been doing this for decades and have trained many thousands of airline pilots.
Yes, airline pilots are constantly training. Check out this post that I wrote: Airline Training
The career of a pilot various widely and often is what one makes of it. The good is fair pay, good benefits, a respectable job and a fun job. The bad can be uncertainty in the industry, a lot of time on the road and questionable airplane food. That being said, I can’t imagine doing anything else for a living.
There is no “airline pilot type”. Pilots come from all sorts of diverse backgrounds and have varying interests. To speak very globally, pilots generally pay very close attention to detail and like to see a job done right.
Check out the FAQ section and spend some time reading the “Flying the Line” section, I think you will find a lot of good information in both of those.
Chris